preflop charts. The Preflop Advantage contains 362 GTO preflop ranges for 6-max cash games. preflop charts

 
 The Preflop Advantage contains 362 GTO preflop ranges for 6-max cash gamespreflop charts Also, there is a simple, free tool made by a guy from Russian Pokerstrategy forum

We will assume our opponent is opening a reasonably standard 32% opening range from the HiJack post-ante:The equity chart for preflop scenarios assists you in evaluating the strength of your hand against opponents’ likely ranges. Stick to the preflop game-plan (charts if you use them) at all times. Odds are available for: Texas Holdem, Omaha , Omaha Hi-Lo, 7-Card Stud, 7-Card Stud Hi-Lo and Razz. 100bb deep it's considered stronger to raise pocket pair and suited. This gives you ample opportunity to find bluff 3bets, +EV preflop calls, and to be proactive in your postflop line creation. F a ci n g R F I vs U T G UT G + 1 / + 2 v s UT G RF I L J / HJ v s UT G RF I CO v s UT G RF I BT N v s UT G RF I6 Learning Tracks that will help you learn crucial concepts and win at any No Limit Hold'em game type. The Power of Poker Game Theory. 5% opening range: If you are opening to a larger size (3x) versus a loose opponent, it is usually best to open somewhere between 70% and 80% of hands. Whenever we do anything in poker we want to first consider our opponent’s overall range. Use a smaller raise size from early position and increase your size as you get closer to the Button. Your chart gives Q7s a better rating than 56s for example, whereas many charts by position would frequently include 56s but rarely include Q7s. Starting hand selection may differ slightly from pundit to pundit but these are a solid outline for a beginner to embrace. Haxton faced plenty of preflop decision-making as he navigated to a first-place finish in the Poker Masters $10,000 Short Deck event last fall for $176,000, overcoming a field of 55 entries. These charts are great study tools to minimize -ev preflop mistakes in tournaments, but obviously shouldn't be consulted after the hand is dealt. Learn to feel comfortable and confident playing the great game of PLO. You can use any of our built-in buckets or create your own. I would pay $10,000+ for this many charts, not to mention the ICM sims, if it weren't available at this price. mkr files) for MonkerSolver and . Preflop range charts show every possible hand preflop with pairs running from the top left to bottom right diagonal, the suited varieties of hands being above that diagonal, and the off suit varieties below. Flops. Doug “WCGrider” Polk and Ryan Fee have been featured on PokerStars, WSOP, ESPN and more! A companion app to the Upswing Poker Lab. You can check it out here: I'm not trying to build a product just trying to improve my live poker game and thought it'd be nice to have a little chart to double check. Or, in some cases like if you were looking at a 30bb 3bet range in MTTs, you might include a hand like Q7s. Eliminate your leaks with hand history analysis. Make ranges visual and easier to comprehend. The flop comes . I show you almost every scenario you will face. Also join the zenith poker discord community for free high level content and to make friends. There are 6 different ways to form a. The question or whether to hold’em or fold’em is the first and most important decision you will make. Playing Passively Preflop3 Tips for Playing When You Miss the Flop (As the Preflop Caller) The following tips are for when you defend your Big Blind with QTo. Postflop buckets. What we do is we set up assumptions for preflop and post-flop and we get the results from the computer’s. What you'll find at microstakes is that solved preflop charts are useful as a base strategy but need to be adjusted based on who is at your table. Poker range charts like this typically cost hundreds of dollars to buy, but you get them as a free bonus when you sign. But you have to actually listen to the charts! If you’re deviating because you’re stubborn about playing low pocket pairs in EP, it completely defeats the point of these charts. Starting hand selection may differ slightly from pundit to pundit but these are a solid outline for a beginner to embrace. 5 BBs in the pot. In Hold'em the No. All of this may not seem too relevant to someone completely new to the idea of solvers but it. HiJack calls with the middling 30%-40% of their range. It also assumes that your opponent is calling perfect ranges, so if you have specific read that particular player is deviating by calling less or more, you can adjust. Online Cash Ranges Live Cash Ranges MTT Ranges Advanced Solver Ranges Advanced Tourney Ranges Heads-Up Ranges Preflop Charts Guide. AJo KJo QJo JTs J8s J7s J6s J5s Us J3s JPs A90 K90 Alo K70 A60 K60 A50 • K50 A40 K40 A30 K30 A20 K20 Action Call Fold Q90 Q70 Q60 Q50 Q40 Q30Preflop charts are designed to give a head start to relatively new players who don't have years of experience reading players, experimenting, and learning population tendencies. Instead, our list is somewhat subjective. Download now! 30bb+ versus <30bb. Preflop ranges, like many other aspects of poker, should not be static; rather, they should be able to adjust to. Implementable GTO 3-Betting ranges. So looking at equity alone, a case. Push/Fold is a common strategy used in tournaments in which you either go all-in preflop or fold. Preflop Academy is an incredibly powerful pre‑flop tool that includes nearly every preflop spot for a bunch of different stack depths. 52s. Memorizing preflop poker charts may seem like a daunting task, but there are a few approaches you can take to make the process more practical and enjoyable. 2. You need a smart preflop strategy to truly crush Pot Limit Omaha games. This might work against a table full of weaker players, but you are practically setting your chips on fire against strong, aggressive opposition. The results were then correlated to give you. So take into consideration what the rake assumption is in the preflop charts. Raise your edge and know the exact EV of the decision to make the best GTO snapshove runout range analysis and practiccalle them. Learn and apply your strategy. If you're up against aggressive bettors with position on you, tighten. Your response to a 3-bet should be a fold in 55-60% of cases. Since you. Preflop Charts Our platform includes nearly every preflop spot (from chev, ICM, PKO and satelites ) for various stack depths, ensuring you make the right decision every time. tiggs • 5 yr. So it almost becomes a logical-ish progression: Sevens, KK-square plus AQs. When they were first introduced, SNGs were usually 9 or 10 man tournaments with 10 minute blind levels. If you want to play by gto, you have to memorize charts on all streets. Use these preflop charts when playing Spin & Go tournaments or heads up short stacked. Check back in a couple of months and it will likely be supported. Players normally fold or raise. Multiply the result by 100 to express it as a percentage, which is the raw equity needed to call. Assumptions and how to read the chartsPreflopHero MTT is a poker trainer that allows you to work out preflop charts for playing in tournaments. Make sure to check the Terms and Conditions of the sites that you play on to see if this is against the rules to use any of these while you're in a poker game. This generally translates to having a higher 3-bet percentage when possible. You don’t have to learn each chart and frequency by heart, but the more correctly you can memorize the preflop charts, the fewer mistakes you will make. There are 13 ranks, and you can have any combination of each as your hole cards: 13 x 13 = 169. You will have Preflop Charts for all games and stack sizes to make optimal preflop decisions. EQUITY #1. Your strategy in these sorts of out of position spots will have a major impact on your win-rate. Preflop Strategy (1 hour + Preflop Chart app) Small Blind Single Raised Pots (7 hours) Big Blind Single Raised Pots (8 hours) Big Blind 3-Bet Pots (8 hours) Small Blind 3-Bet Pots (5 hours) 4-Bet Pots (5 hours) Heads-Up Play & Explains (5 hours) BONUS: Inside the Arena (10 hours)**Sometimes I disagree with the resources I find, maybe because I'm playing at different sized tables, and maybe I want to create one chart per position (early, middle, late, under the gun, etc. These are all the possible hands you could be dealt in No-Limit Holdem. When deciding whether to place money in the pot preflop, you should consider factors such as position, number, and. Overhaul of the preflop strategy to best combat the recent trends in NLHE. 00. Featuring 36 hours’ worth of content as well as advanced preflop charts for 6-max cash games, this is probably the most comprehensive cash game course available right now. 5. The exact opening ranges in the charts for each position are the following: Lojack (MP): 16. Learn how to play Pot Limit Omaha preflop with this comprehensive guide from Upswing Poker. The 6-Max Hyper Preflop Charts & Trainer is the easiest and quickest way for you to lock down your hyper-turbo strategy and move up limits! This package is loaded with strategically sound strategies that can be used at any stakes. Opening wider and bigger vs fish in the blinds. Antes are commonly found in tournaments and high stakes cash games. Start fixing your leaks within minutes. Besides the SB, this strategy is common early position vs early position (UTG v UTG+1) or late (CO v button) since the ranges overlap so much just flatting caps your range a lot and makes it more difficult to play the hand versus an uncapped range even with position. The big blind raises to $35. It has charts in it for 200BB Cash games. These hands will be immensely profitable when our loose, passive opponents enter the hand, and get trapped when we flop a set, or make a well-disguised straight. Training. These 9 max preflop charts show you which hands you should call, fold or raise in the most common situations with a stack of 100bb. The cutoff now has the option to call, putting $25 more in the pot to match the big blind's $35 bet. 1) Nit - tightest player at the table, small winners at best, not recommended. Also, there is a simple, free tool made by a guy from Russian Pokerstrategy forum. Now don’t get me wrong-a poker hand range chart can be helpful. You can’t win the pot pre-flop by open limping. The cutoff can also re-raise, or fold. GTO Charts are meant to be used for study purposes. Sky Matsuhashi. Let’s consider an example. When it comes to preflop, everyone is making mistakes constantly. At the first levels at a nine handed table without ante, which is the standard format at many poker sites, you should use a starting hand selection during the early levels that looks something like this: Starting hand chart: UTG: Raise – AQs+, TT+. So you can seamlessly switch between games knowing that your preflop strategy is correct. Strength buckets chart: use sub-ranges to create your own strength bucket chart. Doesn't make them bad resources, it just means like any other chart you find, you shouldn't use them blindly as. Defend Your Big Blind Less Often in Multiway Pots. Consisting of contents ranging from bankroll suggestions to poker preflop charts to pot odds charts, this incredible resource has it all! 1. 6 Max - Push/Fold Charts. Learn More. Within the PIOSolver software, 'ctrl-p' brings up the preflop charts. The old-school approach to multiway pots was to enter with many speculative hands hoping to win big when you hit. For rake consideration, there are short deck ranges available for every stake and rake at GG Poker in the short deck poker subscriptions from RangeConverter. A A K K , the best Omaha poker hand, is only 33% to win (41% to tie) against the second-best starting hand A A 10 J . 62s. Looking at the starting hands chart above, three things should be clear: The stronger your hand (i. Range Analysis Tool. 3. 1 BB) is contemplating calling with a hand slightly below what the push/fold charts would advocate. The only thing it does is it makes it easy to (manually) look up your pre-made charts by position. 5+ hours of new training content added every month. (With Preflop Charts) Add notes. A green button will then appear in the middle, when clicked the advice table will display the best action to take for all possible hole card combinations. Learn and apply your strategy. I covered everything you need to know. 3-betting reduces the average number of players in the pot. Example: The cutoff raises and you 3-bet from the button. when u look at the charts try to memorize the bottoms/fringe hands of offsuit and suited combinations. If it is against the TOC of the game you are in, you should not use these tools while you play. As more players enter the pot, the equity of your range decreases. TOURNAMENT BUNDLE. Good equity against a calling range. Jan 9, 2020. Flop ($6): 4♠ 4 ♥ 3 ♦. I have an idea about ranges and I open or close my range at each position depending on each. 72s. Strategy. Every hand sees preflop action, and making smart choices here will lead to greater poker success. Hate to say it but preflop is the easiest, AND most rewarding part of poker to study. Get started for free. $99. You will have the option as well. Get free preflop charts here and start playing like a pro before the flop. You have the options of a. Preflop. Reply replyThe result is 95 interactive charts that give Lab members the ultimate tool for preflop strategy. Use the Preflop App to Look Up Charts in Seconds; GET THE DETAILS. If the. PLO Launch Pad by Dylan Weisman. PLO Launch Pad by Dylan Weisman. Online $0. Hands with the letter “o” next to them represent offsuit hands, AKo for instance could be A♣ K♦. In this course you will find: 49 spin and go charts for every possible situation; 3-way and heads up scenariosLive poker tip 1: Raise larger preflop with good hands. Discover a fresh perspective with BBZ ICM Preflop Charts & Trainer, equipped with essential poker tools such as pre-flop Charts, Range Viewer, and Trainer. Now, some 3bet ranges are very easy to estimate and others are much more difficult. Finally, note that strategy with these more speculative hands, and play in general, will be altered according to your. When looking at poker ranges, you can. Monker was used in over-call and squeeze situations while Snowie was used to check the results (and vice-versa). At first, this difference might sound small. So you actually need to construct your range to be more conducive for those multi-way pots. PokerStars. For the reasons given above, we aren't going to rely solely on solver EV for our poker hand rankings. blind situation. Online Cash Ranges Live Cash Ranges MTT Ranges Advanced Solver Ranges Advanced Tourney Ranges Heads-Up Ranges Preflop Charts Guide. To make your life easier, here are 5 preflop poker ranges that you need to memorize. The objective of 3-Betting is to extract value when your opponent calls and deny them their equity when they fold. Download free Preflop Charts to get the exact hands to raise preflop and the best way to play them. Some of the best holdings on the starting hands chart include the following two-card hands: Pocket Aces . There has been extensive changes in 3 betting and other areas of the preflop game. JTo denotes any jack-ten combo with two different suits,. In Texas Hold’em, understanding preflop play is crucial. PLO Launch Pad by Dylan Weisman. Learn how to play poker with charts for preflop, postflop, pot odds, equity, blinds, starting hands, hand ranges and more. 2%. These charts make it easy to assess the likelihood of turning your hole cards into a pot winning hand by showdown. Get it now! Facing an open-raise with a low pocket pair. Blind vs blind ranges covering SB limp and. Many poker books for beginners advocate a set range from each position, and their suggestions are usually quite conservative to keep new players out of trouble. These are not the strongest hands. Even if your preflop strategy is to fold, it’s a good strategy if you have a weak hand. 439 preflop charts for online cash games, live cash games, and tournaments. The easy-to-use browser app covers:The Ultimate Guide to Squeezing in No Limit Hold’em. For poker charts, "s" means cards of the same suit (from "suited"), and "o" means offsuit (from "off suited"). See All Fast Track Poker modules. UTG, UTG +1, UTG+2 and LJ are gone and HJ could be considered your minimum starting range. You'll notice that none of those charts have two or more actions on the same combo. Before the flop is where it all starts, where you are forced to make your first. Complete the (JJ) square. There are a. zenith. Browse optimal preflop charts for Open, Call, 3-bet, 4bet+. About this app. The right choice of starting hands is the key to success in any poker discipline. Preflop Cash Game Poker Made Easy. It displays all the possible hands you could be dealt preflop without accounting for individual suits. How to work in Preflop Hero: Create your strategy. Linear 3bet Chart (230 KB pdf) Polar 3bet Chart (286 KB pdf) Next Module. 2bb from the HiJack and we are in the small blind with 25bb, playing 9-handed with a 10% ante. Strategy. This is a hand grid. Learning how to play solid preflop is the first step towards becoming a winning player. It is an application in the browser where you can bring to automatism and, finally, memorize all preflop charts in just a few weeks of hard training. Browsing: load a preflop or postflop solution from our huge PLO sims database and search for any hand, any game node. As with opening ranges, the profitability of calling with pocket pairs depends on our own position, but also that of the original raiser. Learn from the pros and perfect your strategy with our advanced training materials. Suited wheel aces will almost always have a at least 35% equity against your opponent’s 4-bet calling range. Follow the Preflop Raise Charts and improve your win-rate with the tips and articles from Upswing Poker. Don't limp - Seriously, just don't it. PREFLOP GUIDE FOR RAISING FIRST IN 6 Preflop Charts The ranges that follow, are the hands you should Raise First In (RFI). The positions around a table in an 8-player game, clockwise from the Dealer Button, are: Button/Dealer (BTN) Small. Preflop Online Poker KISS 6max and Full Ring Cash Game Ranges Here are directions for using the ranges. e. HUNL Preflop-only Charts. The 3betting charts saying when to call/fold/raise is where I’m getting stuck. 2. Even a small improvement in your preflop game can boost your results fast, as these spots come around often. These spots are called early positions because they see several players acting after them in. Would recommend to anyone looking to improve their 6+ game. In this article, I’ll be reviewing Doug Polk’s answers to 6 pre-flop related questions sent in by you, the Upswing readers. e in btn we open all offsuit 8s and every suited 6, all suited qs/KS , every ace, every pair and most suited connector. There are a total of 50 Exploitative Ranges. Poker Bankroll Tracker. It has five main panels: The range viewer: This is where ranges with multiple sizings and actions are displayed. Learn More. Upgrade to our Complete Preflop Charts & Trainer Package and get ALL of our charts, including Cash, ICM, Hyper 6-max, ChipEV, Multiway, and more. The Best Keeps Getting Better. ACP is one of the most loyal poker rooms with regard to regulars. Preflop range charts outline the hands that constitute a winning shoving range. The first step in becoming a successful poker player is learning solid preflop ranges. Editor’s note: Nick’s course comes with his Preflop Mastersheet, which has 250+ charts for 6 different stack depths. Preflop+ is the only GTO poker equity odds calculator trainer app you need to upswing improve and drill your preflop range analysis when you are shortstacked and facing snapshove decision at the tables. In other words, these are the hands you should play preflop when the action folds to you, and you should play them by raising. A few months ago I shared a list of 7 tips to help NLHE players win at limit: Play quickly. This PDF contains charts, examples and tips to help you master the most complex and exciting poker variant. These charts are designed to be used when deciding whether or not to play your first two cards. Download them and use them. . Used to be a winning (not great, just above average) player at the live 1/2 scene, logging about 15 hrs a week. But first, let’s take a look at what an ante is. Download now! Example: Assigning a Range. Play. I'm playing with a simple website idea to display GTO preflop ranges. preflop ranges by position pot limit omaha preflop guide for raising first in back to main index non-pairs: btn rfi (47. Limiting Use of Reference Materials. I would recommend investing in From The Ground Up on Run It Once. To begin, choose between 5 different frequently occurring preflop situations. Learn how to play Pot Limit Omaha preflop with this comprehensive guide from Upswing Poker. This tool allows the user to explore the dynamics of different ranges and board textures. As the time went on, new, different and more exciting formats were introduced until very few continued playing the “normal” speed or 9. Learn from the pros and perfect your strategy with our advanced training materials. Anything that doesn't have a number, don't play. Hand Guide: Preflop > Flop > Turn > River. 50 and the current pot is $12. Most ranges are linear, which means they begin at AA then simply get weaker, however, some ranges are capped so at the same time they’re polar (that means it’s largely large arms or. Here is how I think about when to 3-bet or fold preflop. 24 hour subscription available for 99 cents with the following GTO Ranges. This guide takes Pot Limit Omaha's 270,725 possible starting hands and boils them down to 30 pages of easy-to-browse content. Also on pokercoaching. Discover tactics that are extremely effective versus live poker competition and stop making mistakes that cost players big money at the table. Part 1: Preflop – Deciding When to Enter a Multiway Pot. 32s. While these charts will work well in most situations, you should adjust. 000x. Big cards are king. Push/fold should be utilized when your stack becomes short — around 15 big blinds (bb) or fewer. $999 $749. As an. Bonus: PLO University Preflop Charts. 5. These tools will help you track your bankroll, find games, and run key calculations. made a simple interactive GTO preflop range chart - looking for feedback. 2 - The Facing a Raise (vs RFI) Ranges show which hands to play from each position when one player acting before you raises first in. The sheer volume of preflop charts can make the prospect of studying intimidating, but if you know the right way to study them you can then use them with confidence. The positions around a table in a 6-player game. The stacks are insanely deep with over $300,000 effective between the two. Flop Sims + 175,000 Turns with all rivers. by Match Poker Online. Once this is memorized, you can interpolate the riff and add your own style and signature to it. Add one, AQ triangle plus AJs. e. These push fold charts are calculated based on ICM poker considerations and are used by the best MTT players, so it is considered an optimal approach for end game situations. The Poker Lab is one of those poker courses that is always up to date with resources like preflop charts, tips for 3-bet pots, how to bluff and read the table dynamics, how to play different spots as the preflop raiser or caller etc. Impossible to police online, especially on hard copies, which I think Brewer is openly admitting using. Log Out. HiJack 4-bets the remaining ~10% of their range. So for example, JTs is the notation for jack-ten suited, and includes J♣T♣, J ♥ T ♥ , J♠T♠ and J ♦ T ♦ . Daniel’s 4x open from the Hijack with 64s is way too wide. GTO preflop charts pre-loaded (no internet connection required) to make +EV shove, calls and rejams based on Nash equilibrium. Top strategy tips for preflop betting: Don’t be afraid to bet or raise. The later your position preflop, the wider your raising range, almost every poker player knows this! Push/fold charts lean heavily on this concept, with the added stipulation that you are either going all-in or folding. It also assumes that your opponent is calling perfect ranges, so if you have specific read that particular player is deviating by calling less or more, you can adjust. f. Therefore, with these preflop charts, you will start with a strong and fundamentally correct strategy, which will help you make the best decisions and understand the principles of the right play. GTO preflop charts pre-loaded (no internet connection required) to make +EV shove, calls and rejams based on Nash equilibrium. Access to our private poker group where you can get help with your strategy. Pio-Solver was used for postflop concepts and blind vs. ago. Memorizing Preflop Charts for a new poker player is just like a new guitarist wanting to learn the song "Purple Haze" by Hendrix. The probability of being dealt a pair in Texas Hold’em is 5. Debating the semantics of whether preflop charts are RTA or not completely misses the point. The charts cover opening, playing vs an open, 3-betting, 4-betting, and more for three different stack depths: 50 big blinds ($249 value) 100 big blinds ($379 value) 200 big blinds ($399 value)Here are some charts that I made to help you out: 2NL 6max suggested starting hands, play the hands marked in yellow (20% range). I'm playing with a simple website idea to display GTO preflop ranges. continuation chart for button against a. If your table is very passive or the rake is. If your hand is suited, match your hole cards in the upper right half of the table. Most players build their preflop strategy solely around a hand chart they found online. The player on the button is next to act, and folds. A 70 K70 Q70 J70 T70 970 A60 A50 840 830 820 740 640 730 630 530 4301 720 620 520 420 320 K40 A30 K30 Alo Action Call Fold Q40 Q30 Q20 J40 J30 Push/Fold is a common strategy used in tournaments in which you either go all-in preflop or fold. Preflop range charts provide a solid foundation by outlining recommended actions (fold, call, or raise) based on your hole cards and position at the table. With the Preflop Range Viewer, you can explore the complete preflop game tree. Learn to feel comfortable and confident playing the great game of PLO. Users can create custom ranges and explore the viability and exploitability of these ranges based on various strategies. txt files in PioViewer format, which is a popular method for sharing and viewing NL Hold'em ranges. So you can. 1 starting hand A A holds 83% preflop equity over the second-best starting hand K K . Some simple points to remember: 1. Preflop charts, HUDs, RNGs, window layout software, listening to music, even getting a massage while playing poker etc are all technically real time assistance. You get Nick’s personal 260+ preflop charts for 6 stack depths so you know you’re playing rock. Add one, AQ triangle plus AJs. 3. mkr files) for MonkerSolver and . When you’re not the first player to enter the pot, re-raise (3-bet) most of the time when. This includes the ranges sorted by position, PioViewer software, MonkerViewer. no rake gamesIn the hand from Hustler Casino Live, popular poker vlogger Mariano flopped a straight flush vs stream regular Andy’s nut flush. ICM can be used at any stage in the tournament to determine. Preflop+ is THE best app to improve as a poker player. Look at how your table is playing and adjust accordingly. Also join the zenith poker discord community for free high level content and to make friends. Here, if you fold preflop, you’ll become the shortest stack at the table, and thus your. Use these preflop charts when playing at a 9-handed table 15bbs deep with a 12. The pack contains GTO spin and go charts for the following situations: 3 max BTN (+ vs 3bet 2. Think of pre-flop poker as a pie chart. Unfortunately they're not in the downloadable pdf format but you can bring up charts for a wide variety of situations by specifying stack. Opponents’ tendencies. Get free preflop charts here and start playing like a pro before the flop. Online Cash Ranges Live Cash Ranges MTT Ranges Advanced Solver Ranges Advanced Tourney Ranges Heads-Up Ranges Preflop Charts Guide. Preflop Strategy. Zenith Poker actually has pretty good free charts, you just need to make an account to view them. Pay attention to preflop charts. Use these preflop charts when playing at a 9-handed table 25bbs deep with a 12. Training. HUNL Preflop-only Charts. made a simple interactive GTO preflop range chart - looking for feedback. Add one, AJ triangle minus KQo. Instead, use them as a guide when building your own preflop strategy. I would like to point out to OP that these charts are far from optimal, it seems way to. $ 12 99 / mo $ 129 / yr. Eliminate your leaks with hand history analysis. Log Out. We paid special attention to making the chart simple to use, and fitting on 1 page for ease of use. The Advanced Solver Ranges for cash games — one of five sets of preflop charts in the Upswing Lab.